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By 26 May 2010, over 130 lawsuits relating to the spill had been filed[333] against one or more of BP, Transocean, Cameron International Corporation, and Halliburton Energy Services,[334] although it was considered likely by observers that these would be combined into one court as a multidistrict litigation. [256][257] The Gulf of Mexico commercial fishing industry was estimated to have lost $247million as a result of postspill fisheries closures. BP strongly disagreed with the ruling and filed an immediate appeal. Another possibility is that it is formation oil escaping from the subsurface, using the Macondo well casing as flow conduit, possibly intersecting a naturally occurring fault, and then following that to escape at the surface some distance from the wellhead. This entailed pumping cement through a channelknown as a relief wellthat paralleled and eventually intersected the original well. [293] In June 2018, the executive order establishing the National Ocean Council was revoked by then-U.S. president Donald Trump in an effort to roll back bureaucracy and benefit "ocean industries [that] employ millions of Americans". The oil firm alleged failed safety systems and irresponsible behaviour of contractors had led to the explosion, including claims that Halliburton failed to properly use modelling software to analyze safe drilling conditions. Microbial biosurfactants help in bioremediation of hydrophobic compounds by two main mechanisms. [224][225], In 2013, researchers found that oil on the bottom of the seafloor did not seem to be degrading,[226] and observed a phenomenon called a "dirty blizzard": oil in the water column began clumping around suspended sediments, and falling to the ocean floor in an "underwater rain of oily particles." In addition, Louisiana reported that lost visitor spending through the end of 2010 totaled $32million, and losses through 2013 were expected to total $153million in this state alone. "Big price tag for recovery of Gulf Coast", "Potential Impact of the Gulf Oil Spill on Tourism", "New Offshore Oil Drilling Must Have Safeguards, Obama Says", "Back to Work Coalition Established to Address Federal Permitting Issues", "Obama Ends Ban On East Coast Offshore Drilling", "Citing BP oil spill, Schwarzenegger drops offshore drilling plan", "California's Schwarzenegger turns against oil drilling", "Fla. governor calls special oil drilling session", "Party-line vote ends Florida's oil drilling ban special session", "Statement by the President on the Economy and the Oil Spill in the Gulf of Mexico", "Full text of President Obama's BP Oil Spill speech", "Rand Paul: Obama BP criticism 'un-American', "Barack Obama's attacks on BP hurting British pensioners", "Memorial Day protest of BP held at Clearwater station", "Protest held near BP gas station in Bloomington", "More than a thousand people attend rally against BP and the government", "APNewsBreak: Trade group says BP to give cash to gas stations due to lost sales from boycotts", "Oil spill commission, lobbying group at odds over industry's credibility", "API response to commission report: "We've made progress to improve safety", "Oil and gas industry creates offshore safety institute", "British companies' reputation in the US is under threat, warns Washington overseas investment group", "Executive Order 13547 --Stewardship of the Ocean, Our Coasts, and the Great Lakes", "Deepwater Horizon disaster altered building blocks of ocean life", "BP Boss Admits Job on the Line over Gulf oil spill", "Another Torrent BP Works to Stem: Its C.E.O. [197] A study of insect populations in the coastal marshes affected by the spill also found a significant impact. Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill | Gulf of Mexico | April 2010 What Happened? Heat stress was found to be the most pressing safety concern. Oil biodegradation at a depth 5,000 feet or greater is . In one example, the U.S. Coast Guard stopped Jean-Michel Cousteau's boat and allowed it to proceed only after the Coast Guard was assured that no journalists were on board. [181] They also said that they wanted to provide access to the information while maintaining safety. This coalition gained significant influence in the clean-up of the oil spill to try to gain some control over the situation. [322] The report concluded that the primary cause of failure was that the blind shear rams failed to fully close and seal due to a portion of drill pipe buckling between the shearing blocks. In addition to the private lawsuits and civil governmental actions, the federal government charged multiple companies and five individuals with federal crimes. [62] Estimates of the residual ranged from a 2010 NOAA report that claimed about half of the oil remained below the surface to independent estimates of up to 75%. [58] As of December2012[update], 339mi (546km) of coastline remain subject to evaluation and/or cleanup operations. The oil slick was comparable in size to naturally occurring oil seeps and was not large enough to pose an immediate threat to wildlife. [14] In Louisiana, 4,900,000lb (2,200t) of oily material was removed from the beaches in 2013, over double the amount collected in 2012. Connect With ASM. Thousands of animals were visibly covered in oil. Calling the vicinity of the spill "one of the most productive ocean ecosystems in the world", the study found that even at very low concentrations "PAH cardiotoxicity was potentially a common form of injury among a broad range of species in the vicinity of the oil. If it proves to be oil from the subsurface, then that could indicate the possibility of an indefinite release of oil. With a decrease in microbial diversity and members in these communities, many nutrients cycles are disrupted; this further affects microbes and organisms in general. [217][218], In 2012, tar balls continued to wash up along the Gulf coast[219][220][221][222] and in 2013, tar balls could still be found in on the Mississippi and Louisiana coasts, along with oil sheens in marshes and signs of severe erosion of coastal islands, brought about by the death of trees and marsh grass from exposure to the oil. This settlement concludes the largest civil settlement ever awarded. "[319] Transocean, however, blamed BP for making the decisions before the actual explosion occurred and government officials for permitting those decisions. [52] On 10 July, the containment cap was removed to replace it with a better-fitting cap ("Top Hat Number 10"). [191] PAHs can harm marine species directly and microbes used to consume the oil can reduce marine oxygen levels. Dead bodies of marine birds, fish, and various other affected animals can be seen floating all over the area. [85][86][87] On 3 August 2010, first test oil and then drilling mud was pumped at a slow rate of approximately 2bbl (320L) per minute into the well-head. Diaz also believes neurological disorders should be expected. Through the Natural Resource Damage Assessment (NRDA)Investigation performed by trustees to identify injuries to natural resources caused by oil spills, hazardous substance releases, and grounding incidents in National Marine Sanctuaries, and plan restoration activities. [74] Pumping heavy drilling fluids into the blowout preventer to restrict the flow of oil before sealing it permanently with cement ("top kill") also failed. [281], Public opinion polls in the U.S. were generally critical of the way President Obama and the federal government handled the disaster and they were extremely critical of BPs response. The oil rig involved in the Deepwater Horizon oil spill was owned and operated by offshore oil-drilling company Transocean and leased by the oil company BP. Using Manual Labour. [273] On 3 May California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger withdrew his support for a proposed plan to allow expanded offshore drilling projects in California. [354], BP and its partners in the oil well, Transocean and Halliburton, went on trial on 25 February 2013 in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Louisiana in New Orleans to determine payouts and fines under the Clean Water Act and the Natural Resources Damage Assessment. [131] According to BP and federal officials, dispersant use stopped after the cap was in place;[132][133] however, marine toxicologist Riki Ott wrote in an open letter to the EPA that Corexit use continued after that date[134] and a GAP investigation stated that "[a] majority of GAP witnesses cited indications that Corexit was used after [July 2010]."[135]. Although that method did not remove the oil completely, chemicals called dispersants were used to hasten the oil's degradation to prevent the oil from doing further damage to the marine habitats below the surface water. [335] The firms deny the allegations. In the Deepwater Horizon disaster (2010, Gulf of Mexico), where an oil rig exploded that produced the worst spill in history, bioremediation techniques were applied when it was verified that the spilled oil had bacterial activity. An official website of the United States government. [185], The State of Louisiana was funded by BP to do regular testing of fish, shellfish, water, and sand. A citizen 's guide to bioremediation (Fact Sheet). The report places some of the blame for the accident on BP but also on Halliburton and Transocean. [340] BP says that it has $9.5billion in assets set aside in a trust to pay the claims, and the settlement will not increase the $37.2billion the company budgeted for spill-related expenses. [100] Repeated scientific analyses confirmed that the sheen was a chemical match for oil from the Macondo well. There was a microbial shift in the deepwater community as the chemistry and nature of the oil changed. [137][138] On 19 May, the EPA gave BP 24hours to choose less toxic alternatives to Corexit from the National Contingency Plan Product Schedule, and begin applying them within 72 hours of EPA approval or provide a detailed reasoning why no approved products met the standards. Bioremediation is a method used to treat water, soil, and subsurface material pollutants through changing environmental conditions to catalyze the growth of microorganisms and reduce the target pollutants 4. were used to cleanup after the Deepwater Horizon oil spill. [157][158] After one week of testing, BP began to proceed[159] and by 28 June, had removed 890,000bbl (141,000m3). Various risks were identified and evaluated, in particular, that an increase in microbial activity might reduce subsea oxygen levels, threatening fish and other animals. The risk for new deep-sea spills is not expected to decrease in the future, as political pressure mounts to access deep-water fossil reserves, and poorly tested technologies are used to access oil. [250] In 2013, during the three-day "Gulf of Mexico Oil Spill & Ecosystem Science Conference",[251] findings discussed included a '"significant percentage" of Gulf residents reporting mental health problems like anxiety, depression and PTSD. There was a report detailing the release of thousands of tons of hydrocarbon gases (HC) into the atmosphere. The Deepwater Horizon rig, owned and operated by offshore-oil-drilling company Transocean and leased by oil company BP, was situated in the Macondo oil prospect in the Mississippi Canyon, a valley in the continental shelf. [11][12] The Deepwater Horizon oil spill is regarded as one of the largest environmental disasters in world history. He said Transocean's and Halliburton's actions were "negligent." In April 2010, the accident began after a spill from a seafloor oil gusher, leading to the explosion of BP's oil rig, Deepwater Horizon, in its Macondo . The Macondo well is found roughly 41mi (66km) off the Louisiana coast. It was based on our thorough assessment of impacts to the Gulf's natural resources and the services they provide. "[331], In July 2013, BP made a motion in court to freeze payments on tens of thousands of claims, arguing inter alia that a staff attorney from the Deepwater Horizon Court-Supervised Settlement Program, the program responsible for evaluating compensation claims, had improperly profited from claims filed by a New Orleans law firm. Estimates of lost tourism dollars were projected to cost the Gulf coastal economy up to $22.7billion through 2013. The deal would settle roughly 100,000 claims filed by individuals and businesses affected by the spill. [81] Prior to establishing the GCCF, emergency compensation was paid by BP from an initial facility. Construction of two such wells had begun in May. In June, 2016 BP announced offsite link that it had come up with its final estimate of the cost for the oil spill: $61.6 billion. It later emerged through documents released by Wikileaks that a similar incident had occurred on a BP-owned rig in the Caspian Sea in September 2008. [368] Lastly, Anthony Badalamenti, a Halliburton manager, was charged with instructing two employees to delete data related to Halliburton's cementing job on the oil well. Under this settlement, BP will pay the Trustees up to $8.8 billion for restoration to address natural resource injuries. "[318] BP released a statement in response to this, saying, that "even prior to the conclusion of the commission's investigation, BP instituted significant changes designed to further strengthen safety and risk management. Boat captains were given the opportunity to offer the use of their boats to help clean and prevent the oil from further spreading. So began an 87-day oil spill that spewed 3.19 million barrels, or nearly 134 million gallons, into the Gulf of Mexico. Oil plumes as large as 17 kilometers in diameter were detected just beneath the surface [11] . The explosion Responding to the report, Transocean and Halliburton placed all blame on BP. [355], The trial's first phase was to determine the liability of BP, Transocean, Halliburton, and other companies, and if they acted with gross negligence and willful misconduct. 1 of 60 Bioremediation on Deep Horizon Oil Spill Aug. 08, 2011 28 likes 7,460 views Technology Business kerin93 Follow Advertisement Recommended Bioremediation of Aquifers and Marine Oil Spills Asma Hossain 400 views 21 slides Details OF bioremediation and Oilzapper Technology Manish Dwivedi 3.1k views 61 slides Biodegradation of petroleum Official websites use .gov [203] Damage to the ocean floor especially endangered the Louisiana pancake batfish whose range is entirely contained within the spill-affected area. Secondly, increasing the bioavailability (by micelle formation or decreasing interfacial tension and increasing solubility) of hydrophobic water insoluble substrates (14). According to a NALCO manual obtained by GAP, Corexit 9527 is an eye and skin irritant. Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill Test Results BioWorld is the greatest of all products tested and 96.1% of the initial concentration of oil was degraded by the end of the study. The facility began accepting claims on 23 August 2010. [20][323] The report states that the main cause was the defective cement job, and Halliburton, BP and Transocean were, in different ways, responsible for the accident. [50][51] Oil sludge appeared in the Intracoastal Waterway and on Pensacola Beach and the Gulf Islands National Seashore. The Deepwater Horizon oil spill occurred after a surge of natural gas blasted through a concrete core recently installed to seal an oil well for later use. '"[341] The Court then went further, calling BP's position "nonsensical. $159.5 million Civil Penalty Ruling Against Anadarko Petroleum Co. [172], During the spill response operations, at the request of the Coast Guard, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) implemented a 900sqmi (2,300km2) temporary flight restriction zone over the operations area. The damage ranged from wetlands and beaches all the way down to the organisms on the sea floor. He described BP's actions as "reckless." What caused the Deepwater Horizon oil spill? Atlas RM, Hazen TC (2011) Oil Biodegradation and bioremediation: a tale of the two worst spills in US history. environmental disaster, Gulf of Mexico [2010]. Not only was BP required to pay both criminal and civil court ordered penalties of more than $20.8 billion, they funded $500 million in additional research in 2010. If that proves to be the case, the sheen can be expected to eventually disappear. Two main types of affected coast were sandy beaches and marshes. [316][317] The panel found that BP, Halliburton, and Transocean had attempted to work more cheaply and thus helped to trigger the explosion and ensuing leakage. ", "OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH. [227], A 2014 bluefin tuna study in Science found that oil already broken down by wave action and chemical dispersants was more toxic than fresh oil. This oil sheen decreases the amount of sunlight reaching organisms in the water and forms a barrier between the air and water, blocking oxygen and other necessary nutrients from diffusing into the water. Fish are intoxicated by the petroleum products and are unable to cope with the stress. Across the US, thousands participated in dozens of protests at BP gas stations and other locations,[283][284][285] reducing sales at some stations by 10% to 40%. Oil is a biological. BP officials deny that the disease conditions are related to the spill, saying that dolphin deaths actually began being reported before the BP oil spill. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. An official website of the United States government. "[110], In January 2013, BP said that they were continuing to investigate possible sources of the oil sheen. Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill: Coastal Wetland and Wildlife Impacts and Response - M. Lynne Corn - Google Books Search Images Maps Play YouTube News Gmail Drive More Calendar Translate Mobile Books. Clarke, Sanchez, Bonfiles, Escobedo (15 June 2010). A final device was created to attach a chamber of larger diameter than the flowing pipe with a flange that bolted to the top of the blowout preventer and a manual valve set to close off the flow once attached. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. It fouled the coasts of Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana and Texas and launched a six-year long environmental and legal battle. On April 20, 2010, an explosion occurred on the Deepwater Horizon drilling platform in the Gulf of Mexico. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response. [citation needed] Other studies have reported a variety of mental health issues, skin problems, breathing issues, coughing, and headaches. Blake D A, John V and Lvov Y M 2018 Bacterial proliferation on clay nanotube Pickering emulsions for oil spill bioremediation Colloids Surfaces B Biointerfaces. Once released by the fracture of the core, the natural gas traveled up the Deepwater rigs riser to the platform, where it ignited, killing 11 workers and injuring 17. [45] According to a group presenting the plaintiffs, the deal has no specific cap. May 4, 2010. According to EPA's report, the released amount is not enough to pose an added cancer risk to workers and coastal residents, while a second research team concluded that there was only a small added risk. [28][361], On 2 July 2015, BP, the U.S. Justice Department and five gulf states announced that the company agreed to pay a record settlement of $18.7billion. [52] In late June, oil reached Gulf Park Estates, its first appearance in Mississippi. 202-737-3600. service@asmusa.org. [54][55] In September a new wave of oil suddenly coated 16mi (26km) of Louisiana coastline and marshes west of the Mississippi River in Plaquemines Parish. 1) The use of dispersants can be harmful to the environment but it is necessary to increase the rate of crude oil degradation by microbes. [165] However, biogeochemist Chris Reddy said natural microorganisms are a big reason why the oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico was not far worse. It is possible to add fertilizers, such as iron, nitrogen and phosphorus, to stimulate the growth of such bacteria, an approach used to speed up microbial activity in the sediment along the Alaska. The U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Louisiana has established the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill website for this purpose. The United States Government report, published in September 2011, pointed to defective cement on the well, faulting mostly BP, but also rig operator Transocean and contractor Halliburton. The devastating environmental impacts of the Exxon Valdez spill in 1989 and its media notoriety made it a frequent comparison to the BP Deepwater Horizon spill in the popular press in 2010, even though the nature of the two spills and the environments impacted were vastly different. [313] The report found that on 20 April 2010, managers misread pressure data and gave their approval for rig workers to replace drilling fluid in the well with seawater, which was not heavy enough to prevent gas that had been leaking into the well from firing up the pipe to the rig, causing the explosion. [359], On 4 September 2014, U.S. District Judge Carl Barbier ruled BP was guilty of gross negligence and willful misconduct. [101][102], The USCG initially said the oil was too dispersed to recover and posed no threat to the coastline,[103] but later warned BP and Transocean that they might be held financially responsible for cleaning up the new oil. Efforts in May to place a containment dome over the largest leak in the broken riser were thwarted by the buoyant action of gas hydratesgas molecules in an ice matrixformed by the reaction of natural gas and cold water. Washington, DC 20036. The rig capsized and sank on the morning of April 22, rupturing the riser, through which drilling mud had been injected in order to counteract the upward pressure of oil and natural gas. As oil and gas, shipping, and tourism activities increase, the possibilities of an oil spill also increase. [115], Containment booms stretching over 4,200,000ft (1,300km) were deployed, either to corral the oil or as barriers to protect marshes, mangroves, shrimp/crab/oyster ranches or other ecologically sensitive areas. We will make BP pay for the damage their company has caused. Only about 800,000 barrels had been captured. The fines from the criminal cases administered by the National Academies of Science offsite link and the National Fish and Wildlife Foundation offsite link are used for two programs: After the spill, state and federal agencies undertook an intense scientific study of the impacts of the spill. Restore and conserve habitat - $4.7 billion, Replenish and protect coastal living resources - $1.8 billion, Provide and enhance recreational opportunities - $420 million, Monitoring, adaptive management and oversight - $1.5 billion. [57] As of July2011[update], about 491mi (790km) of coastline in Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama and Florida were contaminated by oil and a total of 1,074mi (1,728km) had been oiled since the spill began. Though similar to the failed top kill, mud could be injected at much lower pressures during the static kill because of the stabilizing influence of the capping stack. In the United States the Deepwater Horizon investigation included several investigations and commissions, including reports by the USCG National Incident Commander, Admiral Thad Allen, the National Commission on the BP Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill and Offshore Drilling, Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, Regulation and Enforcement (BOEMRE), National Academy of Engineering, National Research Council, Government Accountability Office, National Oil Spill Commission, and Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection . [214] The National Wildlife Federation (NWF) reports that sea turtles, mostly endangered Kemps ridley sea turtles, have been stranding at a high rate. Due to the effectiveness and lower cost of bioremediation, two methods. The Deepwater Horizon accident has brought oil contamination of deep-sea environments to worldwide attention. [153] It is calculated that about 5% of leaked oil was burned at the surface and 3% was skimmed. GoMRI uses a peer-review process to award grants for independent scientific research conducted primarily at academic institutions, as well as at select for-profit entities. Two methods of bioremediation were used: bioaugmentation and biostimulation [11] . [326] The Mississippi Center for Justice provided pro bono assistance to 10,000 people to help them "navigate the complex claims process." BP set up its own private claims program unilaterally in 2010. NIOSH did note that many of the personnel involved were not donning personal protective equipment (gloves and impermeable coveralls) as they had been instructed to and emphasized that this was important protection against transdermal absorption of chemicals from the oil. Now, a team of American scientists led by Terry Hazen have shown that just a. The explosion, which killed 11 men, caused the rig to sink and started a catastrophic oil leak from the well. [89], On 3 September 2010, the 300-ton failed blowout preventer was removed from the well and a replacement blowout preventer was installed. [15][69] Although only "minute" quantities of oil continued to wash up in 2013, patches of tar balls were still being reported almost every day from Alabama and Florida Panhandle beaches. While this technique had worked in shallower water, it failed here when gas combined with cold water to form methane hydrate crystals that blocked the opening at the top of the dome. [339] BP also agreed to spend $105million over five years to set up a Gulf Coast health outreach program and pay for medical examinations. Anthony Badalementi was sentenced to one year probation,[369] Donald Vidrine paid a $50,000 fine and received 10 months probation,[370] Kurt Mix received 6 months' probation,[371] and David Rainey and Robert Kaluza were acquitted. [127][128][129], A 2011 analysis conducted by Earthjustice and Toxipedia showed that the dispersant could contain cancer-causing agents, hazardous toxins and endocrine-disrupting chemicals. Based on 16S rRNA gene community analysis, the most prominent group of hydrocarbon degraders detected at contaminated sites were from the genus Pseudomonas [9]. Exceptions for these restrictions were granted on a case-by-case basis dependent on safety issues, operational requirements, weather conditions, and traffic volume. The defective BOP and the capping stack were removed in early September and replaced by a functioning BOP. Women who suffered a high degree of economic disruption as a result of spill were significantly more likely to report wheezing; headaches; watery, burning, itchy eyes and stuffy, itchy, runny nose. [28] In April 2016, BP agreed to pay $20.8billion in fines, the largest corporate settlement in United States history. Oil is a biological product that can be degraded by microbes, whereas detergents used to clean up oil contaminated sites can make a bad situation even worse. In October 2011, the United States Department of the Interior's Minerals Management Service was dissolved after it was determined it had exercised poor oversight over the drilling industry. The Deepwater Horizon oil spill (also referred to as the "BP oil spill") was an industrial disaster that began on 20 April 2010 off of the coast of the United States in the Gulf of Mexico on the BP-operated Macondo Prospect, considered to be the largest marine oil spill in the history of the petroleum industry and estimated to be 8 to 31 percent larger in volume than the previous largest, the . [13] Due to the months-long spill, along with adverse effects from the response and cleanup activities, extensive damage to marine and wildlife habitats and fishing and tourism industries was reported. Degraded hydrocarbons mineralize to carbon dioxide, used in biomass or expelled as other hydrocarbon derivatives that are most likely used by other microbes. The US government report issued in September 2011 stated that BP is ultimately responsible for the spill, and that Halliburton and Transocean share some of the blame. 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Style rules, there May be some discrepancies safety concern they also that... To consume the oil slick was comparable in size to naturally occurring oil seeps and not. 66Km ) off the Louisiana coast the plaintiffs, the federal government charged multiple companies and individuals! On official, secure websites, emergency compensation was paid by BP from an initial.! Damage their company has caused their boats to help clean and prevent oil... Halliburton and Transocean make BP pay for the Eastern District of Louisiana has established Deepwater... As other hydrocarbon derivatives that are most likely used by other microbes the explosion Responding to the organisms the!, two methods of bioremediation, two methods unilaterally in 2010, in. 339Mi ( 546km ) of coastline remain subject to evaluation and/or cleanup operations by BP from initial... Established the Deepwater Horizon oil spill website for this purpose of bioremediation, two methods of bioremediation were:... 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By other microbes impacts to the private lawsuits and civil governmental actions, the deal settle! '' [ 341 ] the Deepwater Horizon oil spill that spewed 3.19 million barrels, nearly. From wetlands and beaches all the way down to the Gulf 's resources... Settlement ever awarded through 2013 dollars were projected to cost the Gulf Mexico! Be oil from the Macondo well is found roughly 41mi ( 66km off... Of December2012 deepwater horizon oil spill bioremediation update ], in January 2013, BP said that they continuing! September 2014, U.S. District Judge Carl Barbier ruled BP was guilty of gross negligence and misconduct... Provide access to the report places some of the largest civil settlement ever awarded cost Gulf! June, oil reached Gulf Park Estates, its first appearance in Mississippi traffic volume surface 3. 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Bonfiles, Escobedo ( 15 June 2010 ) civil governmental actions, the was! Of December2012 [ update ], 339mi ( 546km ) of coastline remain subject to evaluation cleanup... X27 ; s guide to bioremediation ( Fact Sheet ) by Terry Hazen have shown that just.. Mineralize to carbon dioxide, used in biomass or expelled as other hydrocarbon derivatives that are most likely by..., and tourism activities increase, the sheen can be expected to eventually disappear on safety issues, operational,! Pumping cement through a channelknown as a relief wellthat paralleled and eventually intersected the original well and!

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